11. ENDNOTES & REFERENCES

¹Prensky, M – Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants, In On the Horizon (MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001).
²Balancing Act Africa contributed two components of the research: statistical data on telecommunications and connectivity patterns in the research areas as well as a commentary written by Russell Southwood, Balancing Act’s founder Director.
³http://www.naijapulse.com/ is a Nigerian micro-blogging service similar to Twitter, based on the Open Source Laconica platform.
⁴This is not the same as saying that people will adopt technology when it is presented to them. As Ann Kao notes from her field survey in rural Sri Lanka in 2006, the government officers who had the highest socio-economic status didn't ICT adopt as fast as those working in the private sector.
⁵Jeremiah Spence, abstract of paper for Association of Internet Researchers (AOIR) conference later in 2007, http://conferences.aoir.org/viewabstract.php?id=1104&cf=6
⁶Clark, 2005 in Livingstone et al. 2007
⁷Davies, T, Cranston, P, Youth Work and Social Networking (The National Youth Agency, 2008) Accessed from http://blogs.nya.org.uk/ywsn/ March 2009
⁸Hogan, B, Facebook: The Strength of Weak Ties, Oxford Internet Institute Podcasts 2009, Accessed from http://media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/Internet/oii/hogan-medium-audio.mp3 February 2009.
⁹OII Internet Institute Podcast
¹⁰Brazil Case Study research – drawing upon as yet unpublished report on digital culture in Brazil
¹¹Only UK, USA and Brazil from our survey sample
¹²http://www.nielsen-online.com/pr/pr_090309.pdf
¹³http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/nov/12/Internet
¹⁴http://www.thelondonpaper.com/cs/Satellite/london...
¹⁵http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_73481.html
¹⁶For elaboration see The Economist, March 5th 2009, http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13174355
¹⁷The term Internet meme (pronounced /miːm/) is a phrase used to describe a catchphrase or concept that spreads quickly from person to person via the Internet, much like an inside joke. (Wikipedia)
¹⁸An excellent informal study into how the spread of memes mimics the patterns in the spread of biological epidemics. http://memex.naughtons.org/archives/2009/02/13/6673
¹⁹http://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-37987820090212
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5702370.ece
²⁰For a walk-through of the site see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdFN7yqi6UA
²¹http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/children-go-online /...
²²Stockholm Challenge Event 2008, http://event.stockholmchallenge.se/category/Environment
²³“ITinIsan – Bridging the Digital Divide”, AIT Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 15, 2002, http://www.misu.ait.ac.th/NewsAndEvents/newsletterData/HTMLFormat/iss1no1/index.htm
²⁴http://www.FacebookFacebook.com/pages/Oxfam-GB/7214031395
²⁵http://www.FacebookFacebook.com/group.php?gid=7510550558
²⁶http://tinyurl.com/cwxcum, Beth Kanter, NTEN and TechSoup Webinar: Share Your Story - ROI and Social Media
²⁷Christian Kreutz has a useful summary of resources on his blog:
http://www.crisscrossed.net/2009/02/26/metrics-for-social-networks-what-does-really-happen/
²⁸http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm081126/text/81126w0170.htm
²⁹http://www.bebo.com/itdoesnthavetohappen
³⁰9,041 Friends on 11th February 2009.
³¹A web widget is a portable chunk of code that can be installed and executed within any separate HTML-based web page by an end user without requiring additional compilation. They are derived from the idea of code reuse. Other terms used to describe web widgets include: gadget, badge, module, webjit, capsule, snippet, mini and flake (Wikipedia)
³²Thanks to Susan Gordon of Causes.com for the examples
³³http://www.channel4.com/corporate/4producers/commissioning/4learning.html (Accessed 11th Feb 2009)
³⁴Wikipedia, http://tinyurl.com/yom4t8
³⁵www.healthed.org/assets/documents/Conferences/Presentations/2008TCWF/20080630-SocialNetworks.pdf
³⁶The UK Youth Online community has information about activities and people in the UK (facilitated by Tim Davies, co-author of this paper).
³⁷Steve Moore, quoting Clay Shirky, in conversation.
³⁸A neologism used by a MySpace representative at the Guardian New Media Conference, 2008, to describe the potential of an SNS like MySpace to generate a viral Internet phenomenon
³⁹With thanks to Johnny Chatterton of the UK Burma campaign, based on a presentation to a OneWorld UK Peer Exchange in 2008
⁴⁰Application idea by http://www.neontribe.co.uk/ in response to Channel 4 Commissioning process.
⁴¹''New Models for Sexuality Education”, Bangkok Post, June 18, 2006, http://www.bangkokpost.com/education/site2006/cvjl1806.htm
⁴²Drawn from a presentation by Jonathan Kopp to the Aids2031 Communications Working Group, February, 2009.
⁴³See www.delicious.com/petecranston: tags - convergence and lifestreaming
⁴⁴Boyd, http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html
⁴⁵O'Reilly is credited with coining the term: http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
⁴⁶A term used in Manuel Castell’s work but more popularly expressed here: http://www.stoweboyd.com/message/2008/04/the-future-os-t.html
⁴⁷Evidenced in the UK annually since 2006 by http://www.ofcom.org.uk/ and by Nielsen in their annual surveys. The 2009 version has good material on the growth of Social Media and other consumption patterns http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/nielsen-online-global-lanscapefinal1.pdf
⁴⁸This section draws on data collected for the project by Balancing Act Africa, on a commentary added by the founder-director of Balancing Act Africa Russell Southwood. Lara Cumming prepared this section using these sources and the case study material.
⁴⁹TOT Public Company Ltd., had been Thailand's telecommunication authority for 48 years until 2002 when it was transformed to a state-owned public company.
⁵⁰International Telecommunication Union: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx
⁵¹Balancing Act
⁵²http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2009/material/IDI2009_w5.pdf
⁵³ibge.gov.br
⁵⁴Statssa.gov.za; statistics.gov.uk; ibge.gov.br; itu.int; Balancing Act
⁵⁵nso.go.th - Key Statistics Survey; In 2003 602.4 thousand in rural areas compared to 193.8 thousand in Bangkok. ⁵⁶In 2007 there were 921.8 thousand people using Internet cafes in rural areas, and 155.8 thousand in Bangkok
nso.go.th – Key Statistics Survey: In 2007 the average monthly household income was 35,007baht in greater Bangkok, compared to 12,995baht in the northeastern region (the poorest region in Thailand)
⁵⁷Thailand Case Study, Tul Pinkaew
⁵⁸Itu.int
⁵⁹South Africa Case Study, Sally Shackleton
⁶⁰Itu.int: 19.56% of South Africa’s population accesses the Internet via mobile phone; 10.5% via PC.
⁶¹International Telecommunication Union: www.itu.int
⁶²Balancing Act; pld.nettect.or.th: 78.4% of UK Internet users aged 15+ visited SNS in 2008, compared to 78.7% in 2007; 85% in Brazil in 2008; 69.7% in Thailand in 2008; 60.3% in India.
⁶³Thailand Case Study, Ann Kao
⁶⁴www.Ofcom.org.uk
⁶⁵‘Latest UK Social Network Statistics’, 8th November 2008. Sourced 6th March 2009: http://www.nudgelondon.com/blog/2008/11/latest-uk-social-networking-statistics/
⁶⁶Balancing Act research materials
⁶⁷Balancing Act research http://pld.nectec.or.th/websrii/images/stories/documents/books/Internetuser_2008.pdf
⁶⁸Balancing Act research materials
⁶⁹Oxford Internet Institute UK Internet Study http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/microsites/oxis/
⁷⁰See www.acessasp.sp.gov.br/html/modules/news/article.php?storyid=250. With thanks to Tori Holmes for identifying this trend in 2006 for the Web2forDev conference
⁷¹The Internet scene in India, Madhusmita Hazarika
⁷²The Internet scene in India, Madhusmita Hazarika
⁷³ThaiNGO.org
⁷⁴Thailand Case Study, Tul Pinkaew
⁷⁵For full discussion see The Bottom Billion, Paul Collier, Oxford University Press, 2008
⁷⁶This compares with a 38% urbanisation rate in Thailand. Based on recent population estimates, the UN estimate figures for Kenya are probably too high.
⁷⁷Internet use in developing countries is often initially tied to access at work.
⁷⁸African Film and TV Yearbook 2009/2010. The countries are: Angola, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa.
⁷⁹http://www.afridigital.net/archive/broadcast_025.html
⁸⁰A married couple arrested in Bombay station last month for kissing in public said they were taking pictures of each other. The case was dismissed.
⁸¹Excellent article on reading habits in the Google age http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jan/27/Internet.pressandpublishing
⁸²See http://www.mobile-xl.com/faqs.php
⁸³http://www.jotyou.com/JotYou/
⁸⁴http://www.boostmobile.com/boostloopt/?cid=boostloopt_bmdotcom_20061114 & http://brightkite.com/
⁸⁵http://www.thelifefiles.com/meet-the-dude-who-co-founded-blogger-twitter/
⁸⁶Alan Kay
⁸⁷Web 2.0 thought cloud, Markus Angermeier + Luca Cremonini, http://tinyurl.com/9smpkw
⁸⁸Notes of presentation by James Deane on 20th March 2002, http://www.healthcomms.org/comms/hiv-aids/hiv02.html
⁸⁹In March 2009 the US General Services Administration set up templates of permitted license agreements so that Federal Agencies could have official presences on a number of SNS. http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20090325_5490.php
⁹⁰http://tinyurl.com/cwxcum, Beth Kanter, NTEN and TechSoup Webinar: Share Your Story - ROI and Social Media
⁹¹A very useful recent report on SNS usage by US NfPs is referenced in this blog post by one of the acknowledged thought leaders in the area of SMS and NfP, Beth Kanter. It gives access to several other important commentators and networks. http://beth.typepad.com/beths_blog/2009/05/port-social-networking-study.html
⁹²LoveLife, quoted in South Africa case study
⁹³For an example of a Risk Assessment related to building SNS applications see http://www.timdavies.org.uk/2008/12/01/safe-and-effective-social-network-site-applications/
⁹⁴The following section draws upon work by a report into UK Youth Work and Social Networking, 2008, Davies & Cranston
⁹⁵See “Safe & Effective Social Network Site Applications”, paper from Practical Participation/Substance, 2009. http://isp.substance.coop/files/Summary_Discussion_Doc-Safe_and_Effective_Social_Network_Site_Applications_for_Young_People.pdf
⁹⁶Samuel Beckett, Worstward Ho, 1983

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